To develop Pathway to Proficiency reports for Oregon Star Reading and Star Math schools, we linked our scaled scores with the scaled scores from the Smarter Balanced achievement test. This technical report details the statistical method behind the process of linking Smarter Balanced Asessments and Star Reading and Star Math scaled scores. The full report is available online: <https://docs.renaissance.com/R53784>.

Accelerated Reader is a progress-monitoring system that provides feedback on the comprehension of books and other materials that students have read. It also tracks student reading over time. Currently, more than 180,000 different Accelerated Reader quizzes have been developed and are in use. This report provides reliability and validity data for Accelerated Reader quizzes. The reliability analyses use a large database of nearly 1 million quiz records. Validity is established through correlations with scores from 24 standardized reading tests and through a study that confirms that the quizzes are effective at discriminating between instances of students having read the book versus not having read the book. The report also includes descriptions of the purpose and intended classroom use of Accelerated Reader, descriptions of the types of quizzes, and the processes for quiz development. The report is available online: <https://docs.renaissance.com/R35806>.

From the abstract: "Response to Intervention (RTI) or Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) is beginning to be implemented in preschool programs to improve outcomes and to reduce the need for special education services. The proportions of children in programs identified as struggling learners through universal screening have important implications for the feasibility of these approaches as well as for the way programs might allocate resources and staff implementing tiered models of intervention. The expected proportions of children who might be identified for higher tiers of instructional support in pre-kindergarten settings are relatively unknown. The proportions of children who would have been identified for higher tiers of instructional language/literacy support when using three different universal screening measures are described. Participants were 659 children participating in the Center for Response to Intervention in Early Childhood (CRTIEC) Tier 1 Study. Results indicated that the proportions of children at Tier 2 and Tier 3 performance levels were higher for children in low-income eligibility programs and varied by program-level characteristics including numbers of English language learners and children with special needs, as well as the universal screening measure used. Implications of these findings suggest the importance of increased focus on early literacy and language in Tier 1 instruction in programs serving high proportions of children at risk as a means of preventing reading failure in future years." Citation: Carta, J. J., Greenwood, C. R., Atwater, J., McConnell, S. R., Goldstein, H., & Kaminski, R. A. (2014). Identifying preschool children for higher tiers of language and early literacy instruction within a response to intervention framework. Journal of Early Intervention, 36(4), 281-291.The research study is available online: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275243333_Identifying_Preschool_Children_for_Higher_Tiers_of_Language_and_Early_Literacy_Instruction_Within_a_Response_to_Intervention_Framework>.

From the abstract: "Preschool experience plays a role in children's development. However, for programs with language and early literacy goals, the question remains whether or not preschool instructional experiences are sufficiently effective to achieve these goals for all children. In a multisite study, we conducted a process-product description of preschool instruction and children's growth and outcomes in typical programs (i.e., Pre-Kindergarten, Title 1, Head Start, Tuition-Based) using a Response to Intervention (RTI) perspective. Results indicated that (a) students in their preschool year prior to kindergarten made small gains, but students starting the year in lower Tier 2 and 3 performance levels did not close initial skills gaps, (b) variations were noted by program types with varying socio-demographics and instructional processes, and (c) the quality of instruction (Tier 1) received by all was low with room for improvement. Implications for future research on the application of the RTI approach and potential benefits are discussed."Citation: Greenwood, C. R., Carta, J. J., Atwater, J., Goldstein, H., Kaminski, R., & McConnell, S. R. (2012). Is a Response to Intervention (RTI) approach to preschool language and early literacy instruction needed? Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 33, 48-64.The research study is available online: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041200/>.

From the abstract: "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Accelerated Reader (AR) program when used as a supplement to teacher-directed instruction. A pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design was used to determine the reading practice and comprehension gains of 6th-grade students over the course of one trimester. The study investigated three research questions: (a) does the Accelerated Reader program lead to statistically significant gains in reading practice, (b) does AR lead to statistically significant gains in reading comprehension scores, and (c) is there a statistically significant correlation between reading practice and reading comprehension? Two 6th-grade teams, consisting of 121 students from two suburban middle schools in Oregon, participated in the study. Groups were selected with respect to demographic and achievement similarities, teacher qualification and experience, and access to program components and materials. Both groups received direct instruction and were provided time for silent, sustained reading. The treatment group was also provided access to AR program components, including novels, software, and quizzes. Student Daily Reading Logs were used to record weekly reading times and provided pretest and posttest reading practice scores. The Test of Reading Comprehension, 3rd edition (TORC-3), was used as the pretest and posttest for reading comprehension. A repeated measures, mixed design ANOVA was used for analysis with questions one and two. Interaction scores by group and time showed a statistically significant difference (p < .05) for the treatment group in Question 1, suggesting that AR may be an effective supplement for increasing reading practice. An ANOVA analysis for reading comprehension demonstrated similar results with significant differences (p < .05) for the treatment group's posttest scores on the TORC-3. These findings suggest that AR may be an effective supplement for increasing reading comprehension. Question 3 utilized three, Pearson r correlations. These results yielded weak, non-significant correlations between gain scores in reading practice times and comprehension for control, treatment, and combined groups. These findings suggest that implementation levels may not be a significant factor in program efficacy. Continued research is needed to substantiate these results and further isolate specific program effects with middle school students of differing abilities and demographics."Reference: Hagerman, T. E. (2003). A quasi-experimental study on the effects of Accelerated Reader at middle school (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Oregon, Eugene. For information on how to obtain a copy of this report, email Renaissance Research Department at research@renaissance.com.